Azacitidine
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Hodoodo CAT#: H100070

CAS#: 320-67-2

Description: Azacitidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analogue of cytidine with antineoplastic activity. Azacitidine is incorporated into DNA, where it reversibly inhibits DNA methyltransferase, thereby blocking DNA methylation. Hypomethylation of DNA by azacitidine may activate tumor suppressor genes silenced by hypermethylation, resulting in an antitumor effect. This agent is also incorporated into RNA, thereby disrupting normal RNA function and impairing tRNA cytosine-5-methyltransferase activity.


Chemical Structure

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Azacitidine
CAS# 320-67-2

Theoretical Analysis

Hodoodo Cat#: H100070
Name: Azacitidine
CAS#: 320-67-2
Chemical Formula: C8H12N4O5
Exact Mass: 244.08
Molecular Weight: 244.200
Elemental Analysis: C, 39.35; H, 4.95; N, 22.94; O, 32.76

Price and Availability

Size Price Availability Quantity
1g USD 90 Ready to ship
2g USD 150 Ready to ship
5g USD 250 Ready to ship
10g USD 450 2 weeks
20g USD 750 2 Weeks
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Synonym: U18496; U-18496; U 18496; Abbreviations: 5AC; 5AZC. 5-azacytidine; azacytidine; ladakamycin. US brand names: Mylosar; Vidaza.

IUPAC/Chemical Name: 4-amino-1-((2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one

InChi Key: NMUSYJAQQFHJEW-KVTDHHQDSA-N

InChi Code: InChI=1S/C8H12N4O5/c9-7-10-2-12(8(16)11-7)6-5(15)4(14)3(1-13)17-6/h2-6,13-15H,1H2,(H2,9,11,16)/t3-,4-,5-,6-/m1/s1

SMILES Code: O=C1N([C@@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O)C=NC(N)=N1

Appearance: white solid powder

Purity: >98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)

Shipping Condition: Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical. This product is stable enough for a few weeks during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs.

Storage Condition: Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).

Solubility: Soluble in DMSO, not in water

Shelf Life: >10 years if stored properly

Drug Formulation: This drug may be formulated in DMSO

Stock Solution Storage: 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks), or -20 C for long term (months).

HS Tariff Code: 2934.99.9001

More Info: According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azacitidine, Azacitidine is mainly used in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), for which it received approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on May 19, 2004; it is marketed as Vidaza. In a randomized controlled trial comparing azacitidine to supportive treatment of MDS, around 16% of people receiving the drug had a complete or partial response—blood cell counts and bone marrow morphology returning to normal—and 2/3 patients who required blood transfusions before the study no longer needed them after receiving azacitidine. It can also be used in vitro to remove methyl groups from DNA. This may weaken the effects of gene silencing mechanisms that occurred prior to the methylation. Methylation events are therefore believed to secure the DNA in a silenced state. Demethylation may reduce the stability of silencing signals and thus confer relative gene activation.      DRUG DESCRIPTION VIDAZA (azacitidine for injection) contains azacitidine, which is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog of cytidine. Azacitidine is 4-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-s-triazin-2(1H)-one.  The empirical formula is C8H12N4O5. The molecular weight is 244. Azacitidine is a white to off- white solid. Azacitidine was found to be insoluble in acetone, ethanol, and methyl ethyl ketone; slightly soluble in ethanol/water (50/50), propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol; sparingly soluble in water, water saturated octanol, 5% dextrose in water, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, normal saline and 5% Tween 80 in water; and soluble in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The finished product is supplied in a sterile form for reconstitution as a suspension for subcutaneous injection or reconstitution as a solution with further dilution for intravenous infusion. Vials of VIDAZA contain 100 mg of azacitidine and 100 mg mannitol as a sterile lyophilized powder.   Mechanism of Action VIDAZA is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog of cytidine. VIDAZA is believed to exert its antineoplastic effects by causing hypomethylation of DNA and direct cytotoxicity on abnormal hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. The concentration of azacitidine required for maximum inhibition of DNA methylationin vitro does not cause major suppression of DNA synthesis. Hypomethylation may restore normal function to genes that are critical for differentiation and proliferation. The cytotoxic effects of azacitidine cause the death of rapidly dividing cells, including cancer cells that are no longer responsive to normal growth control mechanisms. Non-proliferating cells are relatively insensitive to azacitidine.  

Biological target: Azacitidine (5-Azacytidine, 5-AzaC, Ladakamycin, AZA, 5-Aza, CC-486) is a nucleoside analogue of cytidine that specifically inhibits DNA methylation by trapping DNA methyltransferases.
In vitro activity: To test whether efficient DNA demethylation is indeed critical for the induction of stable Foxp3 expression in vitro, DNA-hypomethylating Aza (azacitidine, 5-azacytidine or 5-aza-deoxycytidine) was used to interfere with de novo DNA methylation. During replication these nucleoside analogs are integrated into DNA (and RNA for 5-azacytidine) and subsequently interfere with the function of DNMT1 (DNA methyltransferase 1) leading to rapid passive DNA demethylation. To test the impact of DNA methylation on the stability of Foxp3 expression, Treg was first indued in vitro by activation of Foxp3–CD25–CD4+ T cells in the presence of TGF-β. After sorting of Foxp3+ iTreg to high purity (97%), cells were restimulated either alone or in the presence of TGF-β or Aza. As depicted in Fig. 2, Aza significantly increased the proportion of cells expressing Foxp3 compared to restimulation cultures without exogenous TGF-β and Aza, which rapidly lost Foxp3 expression over time (Fig. 2B). On day 4 of restimulation, the percentage of Foxp3+ cells in Aza-treated cultures was more than 4-fold increased (Fig. 2A, 47% and 9.3% cells maintained Foxp3 expression in Aza-treated and non-treated cultures, respectively). TGF-β-containing control cultures maintained high Foxp3 expression with 91% Foxp3+ cells on day 4 (Fig. 2A). These results strengthen the idea of an essential role for DNA (de)methylation in the regulation of Foxp3 stability. Reference: Eur J Immunol. 2008 Jun;38(6):1654-63. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200838105
In vivo activity: Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 250,000 VDID8 syngeneic MOSE cells. Mice were treated IP with azacitidine (AZA) (0.5 mg/kg). Hemorrhagic ascites fluid consistently develops at approximately 4–5 weeks post VDID8 injection and is an accurate measurement of tumor burden in mice, allowing observation of tumor growth in real time. After draining hemorrhagic ascites fluid from mice for the second time (typically week 5 post tumor injection), mice treated with single agent AZA demonstrated significantly lower tumor burdens (Fig 1b). Mice treated with AZA had an increase in median survival of 44 days (Fig 1c). Total numbers of lymphocytes are significantly increased by single agent AZA (Fig 1d,,ee). AZA led to significant increases in T cell, NK cell, and IFNγ+ lymphocyte populations examined in the tumor microenvironment (Fig 2a–g). Reference: Cancer Res. 2019 Jul 1;79(13):3445-3454. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/31088836/

Solubility Data

Solvent Max Conc. mg/mL Max Conc. mM
Solubility
DMSO 31.0 126.95
Water 33.3 136.49

Preparing Stock Solutions

The following data is based on the product molecular weight 244.20 Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to the degree of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.

Recalculate based on batch purity %
Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.15 mL 5.76 mL 11.51 mL
5 mM 0.23 mL 1.15 mL 2.3 mL
10 mM 0.12 mL 0.58 mL 1.15 mL
50 mM 0.02 mL 0.12 mL 0.23 mL
Formulation protocol:
In vitro protocol: 1. Polansky JK, Kretschmer K, Freyer J, Floess S, Garbe A, Baron U, Olek S, Hamann A, von Boehmer H, Huehn J. DNA methylation controls Foxp3 gene expression. Eur J Immunol. 2008 Jun;38(6):1654-63. doi: 10.1002/eji.200838105. PMID: 18493985. 2. Osorio-Montalvo P, Sáenz-Carbonell L, De-la-Peña C. 5-Azacytidine: A Promoter of Epigenetic Changes in the Quest to Improve Plant Somatic Embryogenesis. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Oct 16;19(10):3182. doi: 10.3390/ijms19103182. PMID: 30332727; PMCID: PMC6214027.
In vivo protocol: 1. Travers M, Brown SM, Dunworth M, Holbert CE, Wiehagen KR, Bachman KE, Foley JR, Stone ML, Baylin SB, Casero RA Jr, Zahnow CA. DFMO and 5-Azacytidine Increase M1 Macrophages in the Tumor Microenvironment of Murine Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Res. 2019 Jul 1;79(13):3445-3454. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-4018. Epub 2019 May 14. PMID: 31088836; PMCID: PMC6606334.

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1: Pollyea DA, Winters A, McMahon C, Schwartz M, Jordan CT, Rabinovitch R, Abbott D, Smith CA, Gutman JA. Venetoclax and azacitidine followed by allogeneic transplant results in excellent outcomes and may improve outcomes versus maintenance therapy among newly diagnosed AML patients older than 60. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2022 Feb;57(2):160-166. doi: 10.1038/s41409-021-01476-7. Epub 2021 Oct 13. PMID: 34645926.


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